CLASS Xth SCIENCE CHAPTER 02 ACID BASE AND SALT

CLASS Xth SCIENCE

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CLASS Xth SCIENCE..

       Chapter 02

ACID BASE AND SALTS


 1 Acid are sour iin taste. turn blue litmus red and dissolve in water to release H+ ions 
' ' eg:-HCl , H2SO4 .. etc


 2 Bases are butter in taste have soapy touch turn red litmus blue and gives hydroxide 
' ions in Solution eg:- NaOH ,KOH ... etc. 


 3 A salt is a compound which is formed by neutraliZation reaction between an acid ' 
' and base eg:- sodium chloride

 INDICATORS:–Indicators are the substances which indicate the acidic or basic nature 

' of the solution by their colour change.

No. 
INDICATORS COLOUR IN 
ACIDIC 
MEDIUM 
COLOUR IN 
BASIC 
MEDIUM 

1 Litmus solution Red Blue 
2 Methyl Orange Pink Orange 
3 Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink 
4 Methyl red Yellow Red 



5) Chemical properties of acids: 
 i) Acids react with active metals to give hydrogen gas. 
 Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2

 ii) Acids react with metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonate to give carbon dioxide. 
 NaHCO3 +HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2

 iii) Acids react with bases to give salt and water. This reaction is called as neutralization reaction. 
 NaOH + HCl  NaCl +H2O 

 iv) Acids react with metals oxides to give salt and water. 
 CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O


6) Chemical properties of Bases:

i) Reaction with Metals - Certain reactive metals such as Zinc, Aluminium, and Tin react with alkali 
solutions on heating and hydrogen gas is evolved. 
 2NaOH + Zn  Na2ZnO2 +H2

ii) Reaction with acids -Bases react with acids to form salt and water. 
 KOH +HCl  KCl +H2O 

iii) Reaction with Non -metallic oxides – These oxides are generally acidic in nature. They react with 
bases to form salt and water. 
 2NaOH + CO2  Na2CO3 + H2O 


7) PH Scale: The concentration of hydrogen ion in solution is expressed in terms of pH. The pH of a 
solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles per liter. 
 pH = - log [H+
] 

For water or neutral solutions, pH = 7 ; For acidic solutions, pH < 7; For basic solutions, pH > 7 


8) Some Important Chemical Compounds: 
a) Common Salt (NaCl) 
Sodium chloride is known as common salt. Its main source is sea water. It is also exists in the 
form of rocks and is called rock salt. 

Common salt is an important component of our food. It is also used for preparing sodium hydroxide, 
baking soda, washing soda etc. 

b) Sodium Hydroxide or Caustic Soda (NaOH) 
It is prepared by passing electricity through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride also known as 
brine. 
 2NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O (l)  2NaOH (aq) + Cl2 (g) + H2 (g) 

This process is known as chlor-alkali process. 

Properties: 
1. It is white translucent solid. 
2. Crystals of sodium hydroxide are deliquescent. 
3. It is readily soluble in water and gives strong alkaline solution. 

c) Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2) 
Its chemical name is calcium oxychloride. It is prepared by passing chlorine gas through dry slaked 
lime. 
 Ca (OH) 2 + Cl2 CaOCl2 + H2O 


Uses – 
1. For bleaching cotton and linen in textile industry and wood pulp in paper industry 

2. For disinfecting drinking water. 
d) Baking Soda (NaHCO3) 
Chemical name is Sodium hydrogen carbonate. 
It is prepared by passing CO2 gas through brine solution saturated with ammonia. 
 NaCl + H2O +CO2 +NH3  NH4Cl + NaHCO3


Properties: 
1. It is white crystalline solid and sparingly soluble in water at room temperature. 

2. On heating it decomposes to give sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide. 

3. It reacts with acids to give carbon dioxide gas. 

4. It aqueous solution is weak alkaline due to hydrolysis. 


Uses: 
1. It is used in soda – acid fire extinguisher. 

2. It acts as mild antiseptic and antacid. 

3. It is used as a component of baking powder. In addition to sodium hydrogen carbonate baking soda 
contains tartaric acid. 

e) Washing Soda (Na2CO3.10 H2O)
Chemical name is sodium carbonate decahydrate. 
It is prepared by heating baking soda. Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives 

washing soda. 
 2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2
 Na2CO3 +10 H2O  Na2CO3. 10 H2O 

Uses: 
1. It is used for removing permanent hardness of water. 

2. It is used in glass, soap and paper industries. 

3. It can be used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes. 


f) Plaster of Paris (CaSO4.1/2H2O)
Its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrates. It is obtained by heating Gypsum upto 373K. 
CaSO4.2H2O  CaSO4.1/2H2O + 11/2H2O 

On treatment with water it is again converted into gypsum and sets as a hard mass. 
CaSO4.1/2H2O+11/2H2OCaSO4.2H2O 


Uses:- 
1. It is used by doctors for setting fractured bones. 
2. It is used for making statues, models and other decorative materials.

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