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Class 10th Science Chapter 09 Heredity and Evolution

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  Class 10 Science Notes Hello friends this article's for the class 10 Science Notes for all the time of the day and night at regards to your goals for all examination of the class 10 Science Notes This notes and to-dos on the class 10 practice session for the exams. To prepare the best education and practice questions about the exams are provided for educational purposes only the best education Zone provides the best possible way of life   Class 10    Science Notes 09 Heredity and Evolution 1. The transmission of characters from parent to their off springs is known as heredity. • The study of heredity and variations is known as genetics. • Clones are those organisms which are the carbon copies of one another. • Variation in sexually reproducing organisms are caused due to the following factors like environment, crossing over and recombination of genes and mutation. • The first study of inheritance was done by Gregor Mendel on garden pea. • Paired condition
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CLASS Xth SCIENCE CHAPTER 07 CONTROL AND COORDINATION NOTES

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CLASS Xth SCIENCE


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This article related issues with science notes for the class Xth education for chapter 07 

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CLASS Xth SCIENCE notes and basically concept for your preparation of the individual topic and contains confidential information for preparation...



              CLASS Xth SCIENCE  
    
                   CHAPTER 07

CONTROL AND COORDINATION


 Coordination- The working together of various organs of the body of an organism in a proper 
manner to produce appropriate reaction to a stimulus is called coordination. 

 Stimulus- The changes in the environment to which an organism responds and reacts is called 
Stimulus 

 Control & coordination in animals- takes place by 
(i) Nervous system &
 (ii) Endocrine system 

 Nervous system 
 Stimulus ĺ Receptor organ ĺ Sensory nerve ĺ Brain/Spinal cord

 Response ← Effector organ ← Motor nerve 

 Endocrine system 
 Stimulus ĺ Endocrine organ ĺ Secrete hormone ĺ Hormone in blood
 Response ← Target organ 

 Parts of the Nervous system – (i) Brain (ii) Spinal cord (iii) Nerves (Neurons) 

 A Neuron is the structural & functional unit of Nervous system 

 Parts of a neuron- (i) Dendrites (ii) Cell body (iii) Axon 

 Synapse- Space/junction between two adjacent nerves is called Synapse. 

 Passing of information takes place –(i) By Electric impulse (inside the neuron) and 
(ii) In the form of chemicals (At synapse) 

 Reflex action- Spontaneous, involuntary and automatic response to a stimulus to protect us 
from harmful situations. Eg. On touching a hot object unknowingly we instantly withdraw our 
hand. 

 Reflex arc- The pathway of the reflex action is called Reflex arc. 

 Stimulus ĺ Receptor organ ĺ Sensory nerve ĺ Spinal cord ĺĺEffector organĺ Response 
MARGDARSHAN TUTORIAL

 Nervous system- (1) Central Nervous system (CNS) (2) Peripheral Nervous system 
(PNS) 
 (i) Brain (i) Autonomic Nervous system 
 (ii) Spinal cord (ii) Voluntary Nervous system 

 Brain (i) Centre of coordination of all activities (ii) Thinking is involved (iii) Complex 
process 

 Parts of brain
Fore brain Mid brain Hind brain 
(i) Cerebrum 
 (ii) Thalamus 
(iii) Hypothallamus 
 ---------- 
(i) Cerebellum 
(ii) Pons 
(iii) Medulla oblongata 

 Fore brain 
 Cerebrum- (i) Main thinking and largest part of the brain. 

 (ii) It has 3 main areas-
a. Sensory area- to receive impulses from sense organs via 
Receptors 
b. Motor area- control voluntary movements. 
c. Association areas- Reasoning, learning & intelligence. 

 Thalamus – It relays sensory information to the Cerebrum 

 Hypothallamus- It forms the link between Nervous system & Endocrine system 

 Mid brain- It connects Fore brain and Hind brain. Controls reflex of eyes & ears 

 Hind brain- Connects the Fore brain & Hind brain 

 Cerebellum – Controls & coordinates muscular movements, maintaining body posture and 
equilibrium. 

 Pons- Acts as a bridge between brain & spinal cord 
 Medulla oblongata- Controls involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation, vomiting, etc. 

 Spinal cord- Cylindrical or tubular structure extending downwards from the Medulla 
oblongata. 

 Protection of the brain & the spinal cord- 
(i) Bony outer covering: skull for the brain & vertebral column for the spinal cord. 
(ii) Cerebrospinal fluid present in between the three membranes.
 Action caused by Nervous tissue 
Information ĺ Nervous tissue ĺ Brain Muscles ĺ Causes action

 Path or action-
Nerve impulse ĺ Muscle cell ĺ Changes shape due to special proteins 

 Action caused ← Shorter form of muscles ← Change shape & arrangement of cell 

 Chemical communication by hormones- (advantages) 
(i) Electrical impulses have their limitations because they reach only those cells connected 
to the nervous tissue. 
(ii) Also the nerve cells cannot generate & transmit impulses continuously. 
(iii)Electrical communication is slower. 

 Hormones- (i) are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands 
 (ii) Are secreted in small amounts & may act in nearby places or distant places. 
(iii) Do not take part in the reaction & are destroyed immediately

 Hormones are secreted by- Endocrine glands & Exocrine glands 
S. No. Endocrine glands    Exocrine glands 
1. Ducts absent                     Ducts present 
2. Secrete hormones             Secrete enzymes 
3. Secreted in blood              Secreted in ducts of glands 
4. Situated away from the site of action        Situated near the site of action

MARGDARSHAN TUTORIAL

 Coordination in plants- Only chemical coordination is present in plants. 

 Tropic movements- The movements of plants in the direction of stimulus (positive) or away from it (negative) are called tropic movements. E.g. Phototropism, Geotropism. 
Chemotropism. 

 Nastic movements -The movements of plants independent of stimuli are called nastic movements. E.g.- Touch me not plant leaves close when touched. 

 Plant hormones (Phytohormones) 
Examples- 1. Auxins- Help in growth of root & shoot tips. 
 2. Gibberellins- Help in vegetative growth 
 3. Cytokinins- Promote cell division 
 4. Abscissic acid - Inhibits growth & causes wilting (falling) of leaves 

 Important diagrams-
1. Structure of neuron (nerve cell)2.Reflex arc 3.Human brain4.Endocrine glands .

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