CLASS Xth SCIENCE CHAPTER 06 LIFE PROCESS

CLASS Xth SCIENCE

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          CLASS Xth SCIENCE
                  CHAPTER 06

 Life processes – The processes that are necessary for an organism to stay alive. Eg. Nutrition,
respiration, etc.

 Criteria of life- (i) Growth (ii) Movement

 Nutrition- The process in which an organism takes in food, utilizes it to get energy, for growth,
repair and maintenance, etc. and excretes the waste materials from the body.

 Types of nutrition

1. Autotrophic nutrition (Auto =self: trophos = nourishment) E.g. Plants, Algae, blue green
bacteria.

o Process – Photosynthesis(Photo=light; Synthesis= to combine)
o Raw materials- (i) Carbon dioxide (ii)Water
o Equation- sunlight
o 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Chlorophyll
o Energy conversion- Light/Solar energy to Chemical energy
o Role off Chlorophyll- To trap the sun‘s energy for photosynthesis

o Factors-
 (i) Carbon dioxide (ii) Water(iii) Light (iv) Temperature

o Events/ Steps of photosynthesis-
(i) Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll

(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy & Splitting of water  moleculeinto Hydrogen & oxygen

(iii) Reduction of Carbon dioxide to Carbohydrate
o Gaseous exchange- (i) Gas used- Carbon dioxide

 (ii) By product - Oxygen

o Source of raw materials- 
(i) Carbon dioxide –Land plants- Air, Aquatic plants- Water

(ii) Water & Minerals - Soil

2. Heterotrophic nutrition (Hetero =others: trophos = nourishment) Eg. Animals, plants
lacking chlorophyll like fungi.
(a) Saprophytic nutrition: Organisms feeds on dead decaying plants or animals material. E.g. Fungi,
Bacteria

(b) Parasitic nutrition: Organisms obtain food from the body of another living (host)
o Endoparasite : Parasite lives inside the body of the host e.g. tapeworm, roundworm.

o Exoparasite : Parasite lives on the body of the host. E.g. lice, leech.

 Note- The parasite benefits while the host is usually harmed e.g. Cuscutta-plant parasite (amar bel),

plasmodium (malarial parasite).
 (c) Holozoic nutrition: Organism (mostly animals) take in whole food and then digest it into smaller
particles with enzyme. Eg. Amoeba, Paramoecium. Animals, human beings.

o Steps in Holozoic nutrition

(i) Ingestion: taking in of food
.
(ii) Digestion: breaking down of complex food into simpler, absorbable form.

(iii) Assimilation: Utilization of digested food from the body.

(iv) Egestion: Removing undigested food from the body


Peristaltic movements- Rhythmic contraction of muscles of the lining of Alimentary canal
to push the food forward.

 Sphincter muscle- Helps in the exit of food from the stomach.
 Villi- Small finger like projections on the walls of-

(v) Small intestine- To increase the surface area for the absorption of food.

(vi) Large intestine- For absorption of water.

 Respiration- The process by which digested food is broken down with the help of Oxygen to
release energy.

o Types of respiration- (i) Aerobic respiration (ii) Anaerobic respiration

o Some common features of Respiratory organs-

(i) Large surface area- for greater rate of diffusion of respiratory gases.

(ii) Thin permeable walls – to ensure easy diffusion & exchange of gases.

(iii) Extensive blood supply- Respiratory organs are richly supplied with blood vessels for
quick transport of gases.

o Gaseous exchange in plants-

 Process – Diffusion
 Direction of diffusion depends
on
(i) Environmental conditions
 (ii) Requirement of the plant.

 Day time- Carbon dioxide given out during respiration is used for photosynthesis.

Therefore only Oxygen is released, which is a major activity during the day.

 Night time – Only respiration takes place. Therefore only Carbon dioxide is released,
which is a major activity during the night.

o Gaseous exchange in animals-

 Terrestrial animals- take Oxygen from the atmosphere.
 Aquatic animals- take Oxygen dissolved in water. (Oxygen content is low in water,
therefore they breathe faster.
o Human Respiratory system-
External nostrils ĺ Nasal cavity ĺ Tracheaĺ Bronchi ĺ Bronchioles ĺAlveoli

 Rings of cartilage present in the throat ensure that the trachea (air passage) does not
collapse when there is less air in it.
 Lungs – (i) Present in the thoracic cavity.

 (ii) They are spongy, elastic bags consisting of Bronchi,
 Bronchioles and Alveoli

 Valves- Unidirectional to prevent the backward flow of blood.

 Pulmonary vein is the only vein that carries Oxygenated blood.

 Aorta is the only artery that carries Deoxygenated blood.

 Double circulation in man- because the blood passes through the heart twice in one
complete cycle of the circulation.

 Capillaries- (i) Form the connection between arteries & veins.
 (ii) Walls are one cell thick only for easy exchange of
 blood.

 Platelets- Plug the leaks of arteries and veins by clotting the blood.

 Lymph- Extracellular fluid similar to plasma but colourless with lesser protein.

 Function of lymph- (i) Transportation of digested & absorbed fats from
 the small intestine.
 (ii) Drains excess fluid from the intercellular spaces
 back in the blood.

 Higher animals- E.g., birds, mammals.
(i) Oxygenated blood & Deoxygenated blood are completely separate for
efficient Oxygen supply.
(ii) This is to fulfil higher energy needs and to maintain body temperature
(warm blooded animals).

 Amphibians & reptiles- have 3 chambered heat where little mixing of Oxygenated
blood & Deoxygenated blood takes place. Therefore their body temperature varies with
the temperature of the environment. (cold blooded animals)

o Transportation in plants-
 Plants need less energy needs- because they do not move and therefore have a slow
transport system

 Transport of water- 

(i) Takes place by xylem tissue present in roots, stem, leaves and is
therefore interconnected.
(ii) Root cells take up ions from the soil, which creates a concentration
difference between root and soil. Column of water therefore rises
upwards.

 In very tall plants- transpiration creates a suction pressure, which pulls the water
upwards.


(i) Helps in upward movement of water in plants.
(ii) It regulates the temperature in plants.

 Transport of food-
(i) Takes place by phloem tissue.
(ii) Movement of prepared food in plants is called translocation.
 Excretion- The biological process of removal of harmful metabolic wastes in living
organisms.

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